Igm Detection

Description: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs during normal cellular differentiation and development of multicellular organism. It is induced by certain cytokines including TNF and Fas ligand in the TNF family through their death domain containing receptors. TRAIL/Apo2L is a new member of the TNF family which is expressed in a variety of human tissues. Similar to TNF and Fas ligand, TRAIL induces apoptosis and NF-κB activation in many tissues and cells. Its receptors include the death domain containing proteins DR4 and DR5, both of which mediate TRAIL induced cell death. Two decoy receptors, DcR1 and DcR2, have also been identified. Both of these proteins contain an extracellular TRAIL binding domain but lack intracellular signaling domains. Overexpression of either DcR1 or DcR2 attenuates TRAIL-induced apoptosis.;;For images please see PDF data sheet

Description: JBS True Blue

Description: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs during normal cellular differentiation and development of multicellular organism. It is induced by certain cytokines including TNF and Fas ligand in the TNF family through their death domain containing receptors. TRAIL/Apo2L is a new member of the TNF family which is expressed in a variety of human tissues. Similar to TNF and Fas ligand, TRAIL induces apoptosis and NF-κB activation in many tissues and cells. Its receptors include the death domain containing proteins DR4 and DR5, both of which mediate TRAIL induced cell death. Two decoy receptors, DcR1 and DcR2, have also been identified. Both of these proteins contain an extracellular TRAIL binding domain but lack intracellular signaling domains. Overexpression of either DcR1 or DcR2 attenuates TRAIL-induced apoptosis.;;For images please see PDF data sheet

Description: Members in the TNF superfamily regulate immune responses and induce apoptosis. Two novel members were recently identified by several groups and designated BAFF and APRIL. Both proteins stimulate B cell proliferation, humoral immune responses, NF-κB activation, and apoptosis. Two receptors, TACI and BCMA, recognize both BAFF and APRIL; a third receptor, BAFF-R, is specific for BAFF. These ligands and their receptors are involved in the development of autoimmune diseases as well as cancer.;;For images please see PDF data sheet

Description: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition molecules resembling the toll proteins that mediate antimicrobial responses in Drosophila. These proteins recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLRs act through adaptor molecules to activate various kinases and transcription factors so the organism can respond to potential infection. These adaptor molecules include MyD88, TIRAP, TIRP, TOLLIP, and TRIF. These molecules interact with and activate the IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) family, which then activates TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)-6, and ultimately leads to the activation of NF-κB. While most TLRs utilize more than one adaptor, certain adaptor molecules are essential for individual TLR signaling, e.g., TLR4 signaling is dependent on TIRP expression.;;For images please see PDF data sheet

Description: PD-1 Antibody: Cell-mediated immune responses are initiated by T lymphocytes that are themselves stimulated by cognate peptides bound to MHC molecules on antig en-presenting cells (APC). T-cell activation is generally self-limited as activated T cells express receptors such as PD-1 (also known as PDCD-1) that mediate inhibitory signals from the APC. PD-1 can bind two different but related ligands, PDL-1 and PDL-2. Upon binding to either of these ligands, signals generated by PD-1 inhibit the activation of the immune response in the absence of "danger signals" such as LPS or other molecules associated with bacteria or other pathogens. Evidence for this is seen in PD1-null mice who exhibit hyperactivated immune systems and autoimmune diseases.

Description: Members of the IRAK (IL-1R-associated kinase)/Pelle family play a major role in IL-1R/TLR mediated inflammatory responses and in innate immunity. IRAK and IRAK-2 regulate the activity of a signaling cascade that mediates the activation of NF-κB and MAP kinase. IRAK-4 interacts with and phosphorylates IRAK, while IRAK-M is thought to inhibit the recruitment and activation of IRAK-4 and IRAK. The importance of the IRAK family in inflammation and immunity is illustrated by the fact that animals lacking IRAK-4 are impaired in their responses to viral and bacterial challenges and are completely resistant to LPS challenge.;;For images please see PDF data sheet

Description: Antigen stimulation of immune cells triggers Ca++ entry through Ca++ release-activated Ca++ (CRAC) channels. The ORAI family is a recently identified set of proteins that are essential components of these CRAC channels. A missense mutation in the ORAI1 protein in humans is the cause of one form of hereditary severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) which results in ablated T-cell Ca++ entry. It has been suggested that ORAI1 functions as a highly selective Ca++ plasma membrane channel that is gated through interactions with the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), the store-activated endoplasmic reticulum Ca++ sensor. Like ORAI1, ORAI2 also functions as a highly selective Ca++ plasma membrane channel that is gated through interactions with STIM1, although at a lesser efficacy than ORAI1. Although ORAI3 can also function as Ca++ plasma membrane channel, ORAI3 channels failed to produce detectable Ca++ selective currents in cells co-transfected with ORAI3 and STIM1, indicating that ORAI3 channels undergo a lesser degree of depotentiation than ORAI1 or ORAI2. Na+ currents through ORAI1, 2 and 3 channels were equally inhibited by extracellular Ca++, indicating that each have similar affinities for Ca++ within the selectivity filter. STIM1, in its function as a Ca++ sensor and an activator of CRAC channels, migrates to the plasma membrane from endoplasmic reticulum-like sites which act as cellular Ca++ stores. A related molecule, STIM2, inhibits the STIM1-mediated store-operated Ca++ entry, and can form complexes with STIM1, suggesting these two proteins may play a coordinated role in controlling Ca++ entry. The ORAI antibodies are predicted to have no cross-reactivity to the other ORAI proteins. Similarly, the STIM antibodies will not cross-react with the other STIM protein.;;For images please see PDF data sheet

Description: Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. Grik1, also known as glutamate receptor 5, belongs to the kainate family of glutamate receptors, which are composed of four subunits and function as ligand-activated ion channels. Grik1 is expressed in GABAergic interneurons of the hippocampus and are thought to participate in the formation of various subtypes of kainate receptors with Grik2 and Grik5/KA2. Stimulation of Grik1 leads to intracellular calcium release and activation of protein kinase C. Excessive activation has been associated with psychiatric, neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Grik2, also known as glutamate receptor 6, may be associated with autosomal recessive mental retardation and possibly other neurological disorders such as schizophrenia. Numerous isoforms of Grik2 are known to exist and may be subject to RNA editing within the second transmembrane domain, which is thought to alter the properties of ion flow. Grik3, also known as glutamate receptor 7, has recently been shown to be an essential subunit of presynaptic kainate autoreceptors at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses as grik3-null mice show significantly reduced short- and long-term synaptic potentiation. Grik4 codes for the KA1 subunit of kainate-type ionotropic gluatamate receptors; mutations in this gene show significant association with both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Grik5, also known as kainate-preferring glutamate receptor subunit KA2, does not form homomeric channels, but instead forms heteromers with Grik2. In Grik2- but not Grik1-null mice, Grik5 surface expression is greatly reduced in neurons, indicating that Grik2/Grik5 heteromers are required for exit from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. ;;For images please see PDF data sheet

Description: Cell-mediated immune responses are initiated by T lymphocytes that are themselves stimulated by cognate peptides bound to MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APC). T-cell activation is generally self-limited as activated T cells express receptors such as PD-1 (also known as PDCD-1) that mediate inhibitory signals from the APC. PD-1 can bind two different but related ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-L1 is a B7-related protein that inhibits cell-mediated immune responses by reducing the secretion of IL-2 and IL-10 from memory T cells. This suggests that PD-L1 may be useful in reducing allogenic CD4+ memory T-cell responses to endothelial cells, thereby reducing the likelihood of host immune responses to allografts.

Description: The lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and binds MHC class II with high affinity (1), negatively regulating T-cell function and homeostasis (2). It is expressed in B, T, and NK cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells (3), and acts to regulate T cell expansion (4). LAG3 is also an important immune checkpoint protein, with anti-LAG3 antibodies activating T effector cells and affecting regulatory T cell functions. Furthermore LAG3 appears to act in a synergistic fashion with PD-1/PD-L1, suggesting that a dual antibody approach may prove useful in cancer immunotherapy.